Iranian Journal of Orthodontics

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

Copyright and License Agreement

The Effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on the Management of Gingivitis Induced by Orthodontic Treatment: a Systematic Review

Document Type : Review article

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Orthodontic Resident, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Aim: Hygiene is a challenge of orthodontic treatment due to its appliances and can lead to periodontal diseases. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a preventive technique for periodontal diseases owing to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study reviews the effect of aPDT on the management of gingivitis induced by orthodontic treatment.
Methods: The research was conducted using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane via inputting keywords such as photodynamic therapy, photo-activated chemotherapy, photoactivated disinfection, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, laser-activated disinfection, light-activated disinfection, laser therapy, gingivitis, gingival inflammation, and orthodontic patient. The time frame for searching articles was from January 2010 to July 2022.
Results: In terms of anti-inflammatory properties, aPDT technique is associated with reductions in clinical parameters (probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque score, and plaque index) as well as paraclinical parameters (levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF- α, IL-1β, and human beta defensin-2). Also, this technique has caused a decline in the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia, although the effect was short-term (one month).
Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that aPDT is an effective and safe method in reducing gingivitis induced by orthodontic treatment via its reduction effect on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, inflammatory reactions, and infective pathogens load.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Lang NP, Lindhe J. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry, 2 Volume Set. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.
  2. Topaloglu-Ak A, Ertugrul F, Eden E, Ates M, Bulut H. Effect of orthodontic appliances on oral microbiota—6 month follow-up. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2011;35(4):433-6. doi: 10.17796/jcpd.35.4.61114412637mt661. PMID: 22046705.
  3. Černochová P, Augustín P, Fassmann A, IzakovičováHollá L. Occurrence of periodontal pathogens in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Scripta Medica (brno). 2008 Jun;81:85-96.
  4. Wennström JL, editor. Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod. 1996; 2(1):46-54. doi: 10.1016/s1073-8746(96)80039-9. PMID: 9161283.
  5. Bollen AM, Cunha-Cruz J, Bakko DW, Huang GJ, Hujoel PP. The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a systematic review of controlled evidence. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(4):413-22. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0184. PMID: 18385025.
  6. Lee SM, Yoo SY, Kim HS, Kim KW, Yoon YJ, Lim SH, et al. Prevalence of putative periodontopathogens in subgingival dental plaques from gingivitis lesions in Korean orthodontic patients. J Microbiol. 2005;43(3):260-5. PMID: 15995644.
  7. Naranjo AA, Triviño ML, Jaramillo A, Betancourth M, Botero JE. Changes in the subgingival microbiota and periodontal parameters before and 3 months after bracket placement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130(3):17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.10.022. PMID: 16979483.
  8. Van Gastel J, Teughels W, Quirynen M, Struyf S, Van Damme J, Coucke W, et al. Longitudinal changes in gingival crevicular fluid after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(6):735 44. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo. 2009.10.043. PMID: 21640879.
  9. Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Newman and Carranza's clinical periodontology. EBook: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
  10. Sadeghian S, Omrani A, Esnaashari N, Farhad SZ, Kaviani M, Yahyapour F. Effect of 810nm diode laser on the number of periopathogen in gingival crevicular fluid (gcf) of fixed orthodontics patients without gingival inflammation. J Dent Sci. 2020;16(4):62-80.
  11. Giannopoulou C, Cappuyns I, Cancela J, Cionca N, Mombelli A. Effect of photodynamic therapy, diode laser, and deep scaling on cytokine and acute‐phase protein levels in gingival crevicular fluid of residual periodontal pockets. J Periodontol. 2012;83(8):1018- 27. doi: 10.1902/jop.2011.110281. PMID: 22181685.
  12. Ishikawa I, Sasaki KM, Aoki A, Watanabe H. Effects of Er: YAG laser on periodontal therapy. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2003;5(1):23-8. PMID: 12666952.
  13. Schwarz F, Sculean A, Berakdar M, Georg T, Reich E, Becker J. Clinical evaluation of an Er: YAG laser combined with scaling and root planing for non‐ surgical periodontal treatment: A controlled, prospective clinical study. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30(1):26-34. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003. 300105.x. PMID: 12702108.
  14. Schwarz F, Sculean A, Berakdar M, Szathmari L, Georg T, Becker J. In vivo and in vitro effects of an Er: YAG laser, a GaAlAs diode laser, and scaling and root planing on periodontally diseased root surfaces: a comparative histologic study. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;32(5):359-66. doi: 10.1002/lsm.10179. PMID: 12766958.
  15. Sculean A, Schwarz F, Berakdar M, Romanos GE, Arweiler NB, Becker J. Periodontal treatment with an Er: YAG laser compared to ultrasonicInstrumentation: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 2004;75(7):966-73. doi: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.7.966. PMID: 15341354.
  16. Sculean A, Schwarz F, Berakdar M, Windisch P, Arweiler NB, Romanos GE. Healing of intrabony defects following surgical treatment with or without an Er: YAG laser: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(8):604-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004. 00525.x. PMID: 15257735.
  17. Moslemi N, Heidari M. Is Photodynamic therapy effective in treatment of periodontal diseases? A review of literature. Lasers Med Sci. 2011;8(1):18-24.
  18. Mirhashemi A, Janani R, Bahrami R, Chiniforush N. Evaluation of the photodynamic therapy with riboflavin and curcumin on shear bond strength of orthodontic bracket: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;38:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102787. PMID: 35231617.
  19. Bıyıkoğlu B, Buduneli N, Aksu K, Nalbantsoy A, Lappin DF, Evrenosoğlu E, Kinane DF. Periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis lowers gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-1beta and DAS28 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2607-16. doi: 10.1007/s00296-013-2781-5. PMID: 23728274.
  20. Paschoal MA, Moura CMZ, Jeremias F, Souza JF, Bagnato VS, Giusti JS, et al. Longitudinal effect of curcumin photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy in adolescents during fixed orthodontic treatment: a single-blind randomized clinical trial study. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(8):2059-65. doi: 10.1007/s10103- 014-1700-7. PMID: 25543296.
  21. Abellán R, Gómez C, Iglesias‐Linares A, Palma JC. Impact of photodynamic therapy versus ultrasonic scaler on gingival health during treatment with orthodontic fixed appliances. Lasers Surg Med. 2019;51(3):256-67. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23035. PMID: 30575059.
  22. Al Nazeh A, Alshahrani A, Almoammar S, Kamran MA, Togoo RA, Alshahrani I. Application of photodynamic therapy against periodontal bacteria in established gingivitis lesions in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020;31:101904. doi: 10.1016/ j.pdpdt.2020.101904. PMID: 32622074.
  23. de Oliveira RR, Schwartz‐Filho HO, Novaes AB, Garlet GP, Freitas de Souza RF, et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the non‐surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis: Cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid, preliminary results. J Periodontol. 2009;80(1):98-105. doi: 10.1902/jop. 2009.070465. PMID: 19228095.
  24. Vieira DL, Leite AF, de Souza Figueiredo PT, Vianna LM, Moreira-Mesquita CR, de Melo NS. A conservative approach for localized spongiotic gingivitis hyperplasia using photodynamic therapy: A case report and review of the literature. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019; 37(1):57-61. doi: 10.1089/photob.2018.4454. PMID: 31050937.
  25. Mistry A, Pereira R, Kini V, Padhye A. Effect of combined therapy using diode laser and photodynamic therapy on levels of IL-17 in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Lasers Med Sci. 2016;7(4):250-5. doi:
    10.15171/jlms.2016.44. PMID: 28491261.
  26. Al Malik NK, Alkadhi OH. Effectiveness of mechanical debridement with and without antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against oral yeasts in children with gingivitis undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy.
    Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020;31:101768. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101768. PMID: 32305653.
  27. Alqerban A. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic and photobiomodulation therapy against Treponema denticola, fusobacterium nucleatum and human beta defensin-2 levels in patients with gingivitis undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: A cliniclaboratory study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020;29:101659. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101659. PMID: 31945548.
  28. Alshahrani A, Togoo RA, Kamran MA, Alshahrani I. Clinical periodontal, bacterial, and immunological outcomes of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020;31:101934. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101934. PMID: 32738349.
  29. Baeshen HA, Alshahrani A, Kamran MA, Alnazeh AA, Alhaizaey A, Alshahrani I. Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in restoring clinical, microbial, proinflammatory cytokines and pain scores in adolescent patients having generalized gingivitis and undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020; 32:101998. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101998. PMID: 32916329.
  30. Kamran MA. Clinical, microbiological and immunological outcomes with photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to full-mouth scaling in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020;29:101585. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101585. PMID: 31689513.
  31. Gómez C, Abellán R, Palma JC. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy vs ultrasonic scaler for preventing gingival inflammation and white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018; 24:377-83. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.001. PMID: 30399455.
  32. Mohammadi F, Farhad SZ, Feizbakhsh M, Amini S. The Effect of Low Laser Laser Therapy on GCF Level of IL6 and IL-8 During Orthodontic Treatment. J Isfahan Dent Schol. 2017;13(2):195-201.
  33. Aghayan S, Hemmatpoor S, Sadat Mansori S, Mahmoudi Z. Evaluation of Orthokin toothpaste and mouthwash effects on periodontal indexes in fixed orthodontic patients. J Dent Sci. 2018;15(2):56-62.
  34. Farhad S, Aryam M, Mohammadi F, Birang E, Barekatain M, Zarei E. Effect of photodynamic therapy as adjunctive periodontal therapy on tnflevel in gingival crevicular fluid. J Dent Sci. 2015;12(2):78-84.
Iranian Journal of Orthodontics
Volume 17, Issue 2
December 2022
Pages 1-9
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics