Sidra Butt; Imtiaz Ahmed
Abstract
Background: In orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning assessment of an individual’s facial skeletal pattern in vertical, sagittal and transverse direction is prevalent. Dental compensation is the reverse of skeletal disharmony.
Objectives: This study has correlated the position of mandibular ...
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Background: In orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning assessment of an individual’s facial skeletal pattern in vertical, sagittal and transverse direction is prevalent. Dental compensation is the reverse of skeletal disharmony.
Objectives: This study has correlated the position of mandibular incisors inclination with different facial types and with the mandibular symphyseal morphology.
Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 100 Pakistani patients of two different age groups i.e. adolescents up to 12 years and audlts up to 22 years on which R–angle, Li–MP, B–MP, Li–MP, symphyseal width (W) and depth (D) were measured.
Results: No correlation was found between Li–MP and R–angle, B–MP, Li–MP, and W except with the D i.e. symphyseal depth.
Conclusions: No significant association observed between lower incisor inclination, different facial types, and symphyseal morphology except with the depth of the symphysis. Slight correlation of differential jaw growth and dental changes with age are coincidental events with no relationship.
Fatemeh Gorjizadeh; Maryam Javaheri Mahd; Abdo Rahim Maktabi
Abstract
Background: Prediction of the mesio-distal width of the unerupted premolars and canine is an important point to the practitioner.
Objectives: The main goal of this study was to find the relationship of the teeth size to be used when needed in treatments planning. Materials and Methods: 200 plaster casts ...
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Background: Prediction of the mesio-distal width of the unerupted premolars and canine is an important point to the practitioner.
Objectives: The main goal of this study was to find the relationship of the teeth size to be used when needed in treatments planning. Materials and Methods: 200 plaster casts including 5600 teeth were measured and studies. A caliper with accuracy of 0.1 mm was used for measuring teeth and most teeth were measured twice and the average value was considered as the teeth size. In all cases, the vernier calipers jaws were moved along the teeth longitudinal axis and the biggest width was measured in the contact point area.
Results: Tables of mesiodistal widths of the permanent teeth and some equations were prepared. The measurement difference varied from 0 to 0.04 mm. the average value of difference was 0.016 mm with SD of 0.02 mm. All teeth in male are bigger than those in female and this different is most evident in canine teeth, especially the lower jaw canine teeth.
Conclusions: At the end of this study an equation was found which was used to measure the total value of mesiodistal width of canine and premolar teeth of upper and lower jaws in a simple and exact way.
Mashallah Khanehmasjedi; Mohammad Ali Naseri; Samaneh Khanehmasjedi
Abstract
Objectives: The present study was carried out to compare the shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with single Bond and Assure bonding agents under dry and saliva contamination conditions. Materials and Methods: A total 60 sound premolar teeth were selected for the purpose of this in vitro ...
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Objectives: The present study was carried out to compare the shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with single Bond and Assure bonding agents under dry and saliva contamination conditions. Materials and Methods: A total 60 sound premolar teeth were selected for the purpose of this in vitro study and stainless steel brackets were bonded on enamel surfaces with single bond and assure bonding agents under a dry condition or with salivary contamination. The shear bond strength values of the brackets were measured in a universal testing machine. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined after debonding of the brackets under a stereomicroscope. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze bond strength. Two-by-two comparisons were made with post hoc Tukey tests (P < 0.001). The frequencies of ARI scores were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The bond strength values of brackets to tooth structure were 9.29 ± 8.56 and 21.25 ± 8.93 MPa with the use of Assure resin bonding agent under saliva contamination and dry conditions, respectively. These values were 10.13 ± 6.69 and 14.09 ± 6.6 MPa, respectively, under the same conditions with the use of single bond adhesive. Contamination with saliva resulted in a significant decrease in the bond strength of brackets to tooth structure with the application of Assure adhesive resin (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the ARI scores between the different study groups.
Conclusions: Application of single bond and assure bonding agents resulted in adequate bond strength of brackets to tooth structures. Contamination with saliva significantly decreased the bond strength of Assure bonding agent compared to dry conditions.
Amir Hossein Mirhashemi; Niloofar Farahmand; Elahe Soltanmohamadi Borujeni
Abstract
Context: One of the most important aims in orthodontic treatment is to apply a light continuous force to achieve maximum effective tooth movement with minimal side effects (optimal tooth movement). It is obvious that elastomeric chains are the most popular method of space closure, but they undergo force ...
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Context: One of the most important aims in orthodontic treatment is to apply a light continuous force to achieve maximum effective tooth movement with minimal side effects (optimal tooth movement). It is obvious that elastomeric chains are the most popular method of space closure, but they undergo force decay during time. Force decay behavior of elastomeric chains is influenced by various factors. It is crucial for every practitioner to know about these products and factors affecting them.
Evidence Acquisition: So we searched English articles published in Pubmed between 2005 - 2016 with keyword “orthodontics, elastomeric chain”. Results: 25 articles were selected for comprehensive reading according to the inclusion criteria. Some factors such as aging process, production technique, pre-stretching effect, design and type of chains, in-vivo effects and microbial contamination were discussed.
Conclusions: By reviewing these articles, we know more about force decay pattern of elastomeric chains. Most of articles said the same force decay pattern for these elastomeric products. We know more about environmental conditions affect their features. This can help practitioners to use chains , in a better way.
Esfandiar Akhavan Niaki; Masomeh Esmaily; Yasamin Farajzadeh Jalali
Abstract
Background: Bonding is the most commonly used technique to attach brackets to tooth surfaces.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of time and concentration of etching with phosphoric acid on shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets after using 10-MDP containing adhesive.
Methods: ...
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Background: Bonding is the most commonly used technique to attach brackets to tooth surfaces.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of time and concentration of etching with phosphoric acid on shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets after using 10-MDP containing adhesive.
Methods: Fifty intact premolars were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10). They were mounted in resin blocks. In control group a gel without phosphoric acid and in-group 2, 3, 4, and 5, phosphoric acid 37% for 5 or 15 seconds and phosphoric acid 15% for 5 or 15 seconds was used respectively. Clearfil SE Bond was used as an adhesive resin for all samples. After bonding of brackets, they were put under 300 thermocycling aging regime and after that the bracket/tooth SBS was measured by universal testing machine. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The highest mean SBS belonged to the 15% phosphoric acid etching in 15 seconds while the lowest value was seen in 37% phosphoric acid etching in 5 seconds. The effect of etching time on SBS was not significant (P = 0.31) but the effect of concentration in SBS has been significant (P < 0.001). In terms of ARI, in application of 15% phosphoric acid, more than 50% of the resin remained on tooth surface. In application of 37% phosphoric acid, all the resin remained on tooth surface.
Conclusions: In using of Clearfil SE bond, containing 10-MDP, preparing enamel by 15% phosphoric acid had created strong enough SBS.
Defne Kecik
Abstract
Context: One of the most important aspects of dental profession is to consider the effectiveness of the preventive systems applied and maintain the good oral hygiene, oral health and minimize the risk of caries among the patients. A great spectrum of preventive activities and materials like fluoride ...
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Context: One of the most important aspects of dental profession is to consider the effectiveness of the preventive systems applied and maintain the good oral hygiene, oral health and minimize the risk of caries among the patients. A great spectrum of preventive activities and materials like fluoride applications, fissure sealants; also new technologies like Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous calcium phosphate (CCP-ACP) have a wide effect on preventing caries.
Objective: The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to review systematically the clinical trials of CPP-ACP complex and determine the caries preventive effects on the remineralization process.
Data Sources: PubMed, Google Scholar, biomed central, cochrane oral health reviews, Cochrane library, directory of open access journals, Ovid Medline, Web of science and EMBASE were searched up to February 2016. Only articles in English were included. Trials that were considered clinically and methodologically homogeneous and reported on similar outcomes were pooled for meta-analyses. The clinical studies that inspected the effects of casein derivatives in dental practice were included. In vitro studies, case reports, case series, letters to the editors, editorials, review articles and commentaries were not included for the statistical analysis but evaluated to identify the potential outcomes of the further studies.
Study Selection: Of the 3859 studies screened 92 studies were assessed for eligibility, and 22 were selected for inclusion and 11 was in the final sample for meta-analysis. Systematic review was assessed and the remineralization effect of CPP-ACP was demonstrated compared to placebo in the meta-analysis.
Conclusions: The evaluated systematic review with meta-analyses, clinical trials showed the remineralization effect of CPP-ACP on early caries lesions mainly the white spot lesions (WSL’s). In vivo RCT studies reveal a promising caries preventing effect, inducing remineralization and treating dentin hypersensitivity and dry mouth with the use of clinical CPP-ACP application.
Livia Barenghi; Alberto Barenghi; Alberto Di Blasio
Abstract
Context: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently published its “Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care”, but information concerning compliance, occupational hazards, and specific recommendations for orthodontic facilities ...
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Context: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently published its “Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care”, but information concerning compliance, occupational hazards, and specific recommendations for orthodontic facilities is less widely available.
Evidence Acquisition: We searched electronic English articles published in PubMed and Google Scholar databases (2010- May 2016) using various combinations of the key indexing terms. Results: 95 articles were selected for comprehensive reading according to the inclusion criteria. Problems and difficulties for orthodontic offices in applying the recommendations have been divided into nine focus areas concerning the quality of supplies, the procedures necessary to adhere to the standard precautions of hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette, sharps safety, orthodontic instrument reconditioning, cleaning and disinfecting clinical contact surfaces and dental unit water lines, and impression disinfection.
Conclusions: On the basis of our experience in a university department of orthodontics and private orthodontic offices, we believe that innovative thinking based on better knowledge, education and training, ergonomics, and task-specific, evidence-based guidelines and resources are required to improve compliance with infection control recommendations.
Marcio Costa Sobral; Pedro Lustosa Machado; Mônica Sena Barreto; Marcelo Castellucci e Barbosa; Ieda Margarida Crusoe-Rebello
Abstract
Background: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is an important method for correcting maxillary transverse deficiency.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the variations of the palatal plane in the anteroposterior and vertical directions after RME observed under cone-beam computed tomography.
Methods: ...
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Background: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is an important method for correcting maxillary transverse deficiency.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the variations of the palatal plane in the anteroposterior and vertical directions after RME observed under cone-beam computed tomography.
Methods: The images using the cone-beam computed tomography were obtained from the skull of 15 patients (10 males, 5 females) with ages from 7 to 14 years, at the specialization course in orthodontics of the School of Dentistry at UFBA before (T0) and after (T1) RME using the Haas-type expander. The sagittal slices were obtained with Dolphin imaging program, premium version 11.0, in order to visualize the most anterior and posterior extremities of the maxillary bone and the following points: Sella (S), nasion (N), anterior nasal spine (ANS) and posterior nasal spine (PNS). The distances between points S and PNS (L1) and between N and ANS (L2) and the angles formed by the intersection of line SN with the palatal plane (angle 1) and line SN with line N-ANS (angle 2) were measured. Results: The values obtained were statistically analyzed using Students t-test. At the time intervals assessed, no statistically significant difference was found in the linear measurements L1 and L2 (P = 0.296 and P = 0.674, respectively). No statistical significance was found when assessing angles 1 and 2 (P = 0.673 and P = 0.589, respectively).
Conclusions: RME using the Haas-type expander does not cause any alterations in the vertical or sagittal position of the maxilla.
Sara Soheilifar; Sanaz Soheilfar; Bahareh Javanshir; Milad Malekshoar; Zeinab Mohamadi
Abstract
Objectives: Considering the changes in periodontal parameters after orthodontic treatment and lack of adequate evidence on the return of these parameters to normal, the aim of this study was to evaluate the time needed for recovery of periodontal parameters to normal after debonding.Methods: In this ...
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Objectives: Considering the changes in periodontal parameters after orthodontic treatment and lack of adequate evidence on the return of these parameters to normal, the aim of this study was to evaluate the time needed for recovery of periodontal parameters to normal after debonding.Methods: In this prospective study, 24 patients (21 females and 3 males) with a mean age of 18.86 ± 4.64 years were included, who were in the final stage of their orthodontic treatment and ready for debonding of orthodontic brackets. The most important inclusion criteria were: No history of periodontal problems, no extensive restorations and caries, no smoking, no systemic disorders and no calculus. In each session, the patients were given oral health instructions and then probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) of the first molars and central incisors of each quadrant were evaluated at the time of debonding (T1), and one (T2), two (T3) and three (T4) months later; in patients who did not return to normal status (GI ≤ 0.5, negative BOP, PD ≤ 3 mm) after 3 months, the measurements were repeated in subsequent months (up to 6 months). ANOVA followed by pairwise Tukey comparisons were used for determining differences in PD, GI, BOP and PI between the time intervals. Results: In general, all the parameters were decreased from T1 to T4. Furthermore, comparisons between different intervals using post hoc Tukey test showed that decreases in PD of the buccal surface and proximal surface in comparison to debonding time were significant during the first and second months, respectively (P < 0.05). Interpretation of statistical data showed a significant reduction in GI after two months. BOP became negative and significantly different after one month in half of the teeth and two months in the other teeth. PI generally decreased from T1 to T4.Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, periodontal parameters returned to normal one to two months after debonding.
Amrita Basak; Pavan Kumar Vibhute; Chetan Patil; Vinay Umale; Rohit Kulshrestha; Khusali Rathod
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate gender dimorphism in anterior malar projections using clinical photographs and lateral cephalograms.
Methods: Thirty subjects aged 18 - 25 years were taken for the study. Based on the gender they were divided into two groups group A (15 subjects) male and group ...
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Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate gender dimorphism in anterior malar projections using clinical photographs and lateral cephalograms.
Methods: Thirty subjects aged 18 - 25 years were taken for the study. Based on the gender they were divided into two groups group A (15 subjects) male and group B (15 subjects) female. On the profile photographs positive and negative vectors were labelled. Sella-nasion-orbitale (SNO) angle was delineated with the aid of NemocephTM software. The data was then statistically analysed. Results: Skeletal differences between the positive and negative vector groups on basis of SNO angles were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The angulation value obtained for SNO was smaller in the negative vector when compared to the positive vector on an average by 5.9°. No difference in values between males and females was seen.
Conclusions: The projections of anterior malar can be effectively categorized by mere visually assessing the vector relationship (by photographs). This method can be used to diagnose maxillary hypoplasia and can help plan different treatment alternatives.
Hooman Shafaee; Bahareh Mazloumhoseini; Erfan Bardideh; Maliheh Dadgarmoghaddam
Abstract
Context: Maxillary deficiency can lead to the reduction of airway space and increase the chances of development of obstructive airway disorders. Facemask therapy is one of the main treatment protocols in developing maxillary deficient patients.Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis ...
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Context: Maxillary deficiency can lead to the reduction of airway space and increase the chances of development of obstructive airway disorders. Facemask therapy is one of the main treatment protocols in developing maxillary deficient patients.Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the changes in the airway dimensions after face-mask therapy in both cleft lip and palate and non-cleft patients.Methods: A systematic search in different electronic databases (EMBASE, Pubmed, Cochrance Central register of controlled trials), IADR proceedings and a hand search by October 2020 were conducted and a meta-analysis and systematic review was performed.Results: In patients without cleft lip and palate, upper pharyngeal width was significantly increased by mean of 2.05 mm (CI = 95%, 0.61 - 3.50) following facemask therapy in comparison to patients who did not receive the treatment. Other upper pharyngeal (nasopharyngeal) measurements also showed a statistically significant improvement after therapy: S-PNS by 4.64 mm (CI = 95%, 3.34 - 5.94), AD1-PNS by 3.81 mm (CI = 95%, 2.40 - 5.21), AD2-PNS by 2.90 mm (CI = 95%, 0.13 - 5.67) and Pm’-SPL by 2.53 (CI = 95%, 0.54 - 4.51). Lower pharyngeal measurments did not show any significant changes after the treatment (P > 0.05). In the analysis of studies with 3D imaging modalities, upper pharyngeal volume was also significantly increased by 499.29 mm3 (CI = 95%, 69.58-929.00) after the treatment. In addition, a review of articles that included cleft lip and palate patients also showed after the treatment, the upper pharyngeal measurements all showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05), whereas the oropharyngeal region was relatively stable.Conclusions: In maxillary deficient patients with or without an orofacial cleft, facemask therapy can improve the nasopharyngeal area dimensions; however, this treatment protocol appears not to have an effect on the oropharyngeal area of the airway tract.
Mahsa Esfehani; Bahareh Mohammad Zahraiee; Sepideh Arab; Fatemeh Hajmanoochehri; Mohammadtaghi Vatandoust
Abstract
Objectives: This study was aimed to assess salivary sodium and potassium concentrations in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.Methods: In this case-control study, saliva samples (5 cc) were collected from 13 patients with fixed orthodontic appliances before, and 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after ...
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Objectives: This study was aimed to assess salivary sodium and potassium concentrations in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.Methods: In this case-control study, saliva samples (5 cc) were collected from 13 patients with fixed orthodontic appliances before, and 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after the beginning of the orthodontic treatment using the spitting method. Saliva samples were also collected from 10 healthy individuals as controls. The saliva samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and the salivary sodium and potassium concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests. P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The salivary sodium and potassium concentrations were almost the same in both groups at baseline (P > 0.05). A significant reduction in sodium and an increase in potassium levels were noted in the case group at 1 week compared with baseline (P < 0.001). At 1 week, the potassium concentration was significantly higher and the sodium concentration was significantly lower in the case group (P < 0.01). The salivary sodium significantly increased while the salivary potassium significantly decreased at 1 month compared with 1 week (P < 0.001). The differences with the control group were also significant (P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted between the two groups at 3 months (P > 0.05).Conclusions: Time has a significant effect on the release profile of sodium and potassium ions from orthodontic appliances. The salivary sodium and potassium concentrations returned to their normal pretreatment values within 3 months after the start of fixed orthodontic treatment.
Mohammad Karim Soltani; Sadegh Barkhori; Yoones Alizadeh; Farzaneh Golfeshan
Abstract
Background: Brackets’ debonding without any damage to the teeth is very important.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the debonding characteristics of the metal conventional and self-ligating brackets.
Patients and Methods: 69 maxillary premolars were randomly assigned in 3 groups. ...
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Background: Brackets’ debonding without any damage to the teeth is very important.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the debonding characteristics of the metal conventional and self-ligating brackets.
Patients and Methods: 69 maxillary premolars were randomly assigned in 3 groups. Metal brackets of Damon, In Ovation and conventional systems were bonded to the teeth. The brackets were debonded with debonding pliers. Debonding strengths, adhesive remnant index, and enamel damage were evaluated. A Zwick model universal testing machine was used to measure debonding strengths. The debonding strength values were statistically analyzed by one sided analysis of variance while the increase in the enamel crack numbers and length and the remained adhesive index were analyzed by chi-square test.
Results: The means of the debonding strength in the brackets of in ovation, damon and conventional systems were 15.22, 11.4 and 8.67 MPa respectively. Significant differences were observed regarding debonding strength between three types of brackets (all: P < 0.001). After debonding of in ovation, damon and stainless steel brackets; the increased numbers of the enamel cracks were noted in 26.06%, 21.74% and 17.39% cases respectively. Also, the increased cracks lengths were demonstrated in 47.83%, 39.13%, and 30.43% cases. No significant differences were observed regarding the increase of the enamel cracks number and length and the amounts of residual adhesive on the teeth.
Conclusions: The debonding characteristics of the metal self-ligating were comparable to the conventional brackets.
Allahyar Geramy; Tahoora Etezadi
Abstract
Desirable tooth movements need optimal force systems. Loops are employed to move teeth properly. L-loop is used frequently due to its ease of fabrication. The aim of this study is to assess the expected forces and moments when a definite length of wire is bent to form L-loop. In other words, the effect ...
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Desirable tooth movements need optimal force systems. Loops are employed to move teeth properly. L-loop is used frequently due to its ease of fabrication. The aim of this study is to assess the expected forces and moments when a definite length of wire is bent to form L-loop. In other words, the effect of loop height and width on the produced force and moment is evaluated by the finite element method (FEM). Materials and methods: Six 3D finite element models were designed of an L-loop without pre-activation bends keeping the total lengths of wire equal to 24.34+/- 0.5 mm. The cross section of wire was 0.016”× 0.022”. The force produced by activation in a 0.1 millimeter increment was recorded. Results: In model L1, the findings start with 0.086 N in 0.1 mm of activation and increased to 0.88 N in 1mm of loop opening. The pattern of findings was almost the same for other loop designs (L2 through L6) with an increase in findings. M/F ratios were almost constant in a loop design along its activation starting with 3 in L1 and reaching about 1.9-2 in L6. Conclusions: Moment to force ratios were almost constant in a loop design along its activation. increasing width and decreasing height with almost the same length of loop wire can increase force and therefor reduce M/F ratio.
Gholamreza Shirani; Amir Jalal Abbasi; Simin Zahra Mohebbi; AmirHossein Mirhashemi
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between orthodontic treatment and success of alveolar cleft bone grafting performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery department of Shariati hospital at least one year after operation.Materials and Methods: The patient’s records and their ...
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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between orthodontic treatment and success of alveolar cleft bone grafting performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery department of Shariati hospital at least one year after operation.Materials and Methods: The patient’s records and their post-operative radiographs were studied to assess their age, gender, cleft type (unilateral or bilateral), grafting time (secondary, tertiary), orthodontic treatment (No, Yes) and height of bony bridge. The success was defined as a proportion of at least ¾ for the remaining bone in new radiograph to post-operative bone bridge height. Results: Mean age of the patients was 18 years with a range of 10 to 29 years. From the total patients, 52% (n=28) were male and 48% (n=26) were female, 54% had unilateral and 46% had bilateral alveolar cleft. Among the patients, 20 cases (37%) had secondary and 34 had tertiary bone grafting. In general, 59% (n=32) of the patients, had successful alveolar bone grafting. Out of the total 54 patients, 28 cases (52%) were under supervision and treatment of orthodontist. Logistic regression model showed that presence of orthodontic treatment was associated with higher graft success. Conclusion: Treatment of Cleft lip and palate needs comprehensive surgical and orthodontic management and all the patients must be under supervision and treatment of orthodontists to take benefit of the surgical treatment.
Microbiology
Arezoo Jahanbin; Mostafa Entezari; Erfan Bardideh
Abstract
Aim: Droplets and aerosols are the main source of transmission and rapid spread of COVID-19 worldwide. Topical mouthwashes and oronasal irrigation are recommended as ways of preventing airborne transmission to health care professionals. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the changes of COVID 19 viral ...
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Aim: Droplets and aerosols are the main source of transmission and rapid spread of COVID-19 worldwide. Topical mouthwashes and oronasal irrigation are recommended as ways of preventing airborne transmission to health care professionals. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the changes of COVID 19 viral load after administration of different mouthwashes.Methods: An electronic search was undertaken including the following databases: Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Search for grey literature, and hand search for relevant studies was also performed. The quality of included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were assessed using the Cochrane Collaborations. Afterward, the relevant data from the included studies was extracted. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analysis was performed to compare the effects of different types of mouthwashes on COVID viral presence.Results: After screening 1437 studies, 10 randomized clinical trials were finally selected. A total of 884 patients were assessed in these studies. The meta-analysis revealed the Cyclic Threshold (CT) values increased after the use of mouthwashes (MD=2.00, 95%CI= 0.51, 3.49, P<0.05). Considering the CT values are inversely correlated to the viral load, the result means the use of mouthwashes decreases the viral load in the saliva. This study also showed that increase of CT values was statistically significant for Povidone Iodine mouthwash (MD=4.08, 95%CI= 0.13, 8.02, P<0.05); however, Cetylpyridinium Chloride and Chlorhexidine Gluconate mouthwashes non-significantly (P value>0.05) reduced viral load in the saliva of patients with COVID 19.Conclusion: According to the result of this study, the use of mouthwashes reduces the viral load of saliva in patients with COVID 19. In addition to basic precautions for preventing the transmission of COVID 19, using mouthwashes may be a reasonable way to decrease the risk of disease transmission to medical staff.
Orthodontics
Sanghamitra Jena; Debipada Kabi; Girish Chaudhary; Anshul Chaudhry
Abstract
Aim: The study aimed at determining the variability of landmark identifications and its reproducibility by manual and digital methods of cephalometric tracing.Methods: Pre-treatment cephalograms of sixty subjects recommended for orthodontic treatment were taken in the natural head position with the teeth ...
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Aim: The study aimed at determining the variability of landmark identifications and its reproducibility by manual and digital methods of cephalometric tracing.Methods: Pre-treatment cephalograms of sixty subjects recommended for orthodontic treatment were taken in the natural head position with the teeth in maximum intercuspation and were traced by a single operator. Statistical analysis was performed, and the mean, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation were calculated for each parameter and imaging modality. For all the variables, the Shapiro-Wilk’s test for normality was conducted to identify the distribution of each variable. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used where distribution was non-normal for at least one of the comparing variables and the repeated sample t-test was used where normal distribution was detected for both the variables.Results: For digital tracing, the coefficients of variation were less than 1, suggesting high reliability. For most manually traced images, the landmarks with high coefficients of variation were Porion, Basion, Sella, Point B, and Gonion. Coefficients of variation were invariably higher for the manual method than the digital method, implying readings were more consistent in the digital method for the above landmarks under observation. Out of the 29 parameters, the mean difference of sixteen of them was calculated to be statistically significant with each other, which shows that the digital method of cephalometric tracing can be relied upon for the reliability.Conclusion: The digital method of landmark identification gives a more consistent reading.
Orthodontics
Reji Abraham; Tanmi Saha; Mohammadi Begum
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate and compare oxygen saturation levels in different facial patterns (average, horizontal, and vertical) existing in different anterior-posterior planes of space (Angle’s Class I, Class II, and Class III) by comparing the amount of hemoglobin bound to oxygen (SPO2) to the total amount ...
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Aim: To evaluate and compare oxygen saturation levels in different facial patterns (average, horizontal, and vertical) existing in different anterior-posterior planes of space (Angle’s Class I, Class II, and Class III) by comparing the amount of hemoglobin bound to oxygen (SPO2) to the total amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
Methods: A prospective observational study involving a sample size of 180 adults aged 18–30 was categorized into nine different groups based on their skeletal jaw relationships in the anteroposterior plane occurring in different facial types: average, horizontal, and vertical. The study was conducted using a portable pulse oximetry device (Biosys, BPM-200) to assess the level of saturated hemoglobin in the blood (SPO2).
Results: The mean SPO2 measured was found to be in the range of 95–98%. Comparison between groups showed a statistically significant difference in the mean SPO2 (P=0.002). However, post hoc analysis showed group H had statistical significance.
Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the results obtained from the study, it was concluded that in all facial growth patterns, SPO2 levels were in the normal range. However, the class II skeletal base with a vertical skeletal pattern showed the lowest SPO2 levels. The study also supported the fact that blood oxygen saturation levels are not a concern in any type of facial pattern; hence, no orthodontic intervention as such is indicated to improve their SPO2 levels.
Mehrdad Panj Noush; Masomeh Esmaily
Abstract
Background: Diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery is greatly related to the results of cephalometric analysis report. Manual analysis is time taking and if the precision and accuracy of this technique can be achieved by digital method, time is saved considerably. On ...
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Background: Diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery is greatly related to the results of cephalometric analysis report. Manual analysis is time taking and if the precision and accuracy of this technique can be achieved by digital method, time is saved considerably. On the other hand digital programs have fewer errors compared to manual methods done by human. Any mistake in the process of analysis can lead to wrong diagnosis and treatment planning and finally treatment failure.
Objectives: The main aim of this study was to compare the linear and angular measures between the two methods, digital and manual. No significant difference between these measures in the two methods will result in that digital method can be used instead of manual in order to save time.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 40 cephalometric images taken from a radiology clinic. The samples were analyzed by computer after determining key points. Romexis® (planmeca Romexis® cephalometric analysis) software was used for computer analysis. The samples were then printed and analyzed manually. At last all the measures obtained from 11 different landmarks by two observers were compared by interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for reliability.
Results: The results of this study showed that the obtained data was 100 percent reliable. On the other hand no significant difference was observed in each of the evaluated landmarks between two methods.
Conclusions: It seems that cephalometric analysis software is not only reliable but also saves time and reduces manual analysis errors.
Jean Marc Retrouvey; Allahyar Geramy
Abstract
Background: Occlusal loads are always present though not widely considered in orthodontic treatments. Applied force systems are analyzed in detail and taught but their interaction with occlusal force is oftentimes ignored. Numeric evaluation of this combination by finite element method is the main goal ...
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Background: Occlusal loads are always present though not widely considered in orthodontic treatments. Applied force systems are analyzed in detail and taught but their interaction with occlusal force is oftentimes ignored. Numeric evaluation of this combination by finite element method is the main goal of this research.
Objectives: The present study has implemented FEA to investigate the effect of orthodontic force application on the tooth-periodontium-alveolar bone system. Materials and Methods: A 3D model of a lower premolar was designed. The model contained cortical and spongy bone, PDL, and tooth. A 1.73 N force decomposed to 1 N in each plane axis was applied as a random levelling and aligning force to assess the von Mises stress produced at the mesial aspect of the PDL from cervical down to the apical area. At the second phase a 200-Newton intruding force vector was applied simulating the occlusal force. The effects of the combination force system were evaluated in the same area of the PDL. Results: The maximum finding of von Mises for both stages were in found in the cervical area. This was almost 0.267 MPa for the first stage and 2.27 MPa for the second stage.
Conclusions: Our findings show that the co-existence of heavy occlusal forces due to clenching or bruxism in our tooth-periodontium-orthodontic force system has a significant influence on the magnitude and location of the high stress areas.
Farhad Sobouti; Fatemeh Namvar; Sepideh Dadgar
Abstract
Context: In recent years, lasers have numerous applications in orthodontics as an important field of dentistry. The purpose of this article is to review some of the major applications of laser in the field of soft tissue management in orthodontics.
Evidence Acquisition: No single laser wavelength can ...
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Context: In recent years, lasers have numerous applications in orthodontics as an important field of dentistry. The purpose of this article is to review some of the major applications of laser in the field of soft tissue management in orthodontics.
Evidence Acquisition: No single laser wavelength can be used to optimally treat all dental diseases. However, the needs of the orthodontic clinician are unique and selection of the most appropriate laser for orthodontic applications is essential to achieve optimal results. Results: Light emitted from diode lasers is poorly absorbed by dental hard tissues, these lasers can be safely used for soft tissue surgery applications, including gingival recontouring, crown lengthening, removal of hypertrophic tissue and frenectomies close to the enamel, dentine and cement. Considering beam safety, most of the lasers used for medical and dental purposes are in the Class IV category, so it is necessary to take appropriate safety measures.
Conclusions: In the near future, with the clarification of laser exposure protocols and a decrease in device cost and, Dental lasers may play an increasingly important role in soft tissue management during orthodontic treatment.
Victor Prado Curvêllo; Fabrício Pinelli Valarelli; Luiz Nunes Pegoraro; Rodrigo Hermont Cançado; Thaís Marchini Oliveira; Karina Maria Salvatore de Freitas
Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this study was to report the correction of a maxillary transverse discrepancy in an adult patient using Le Fort I osteotomy procedure associated with a bone-borne maxillary distractor device. Both the indications, advantages of the procedure and the use protocol were highlighted.
Case ...
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Introduction: The objective of this study was to report the correction of a maxillary transverse discrepancy in an adult patient using Le Fort I osteotomy procedure associated with a bone-borne maxillary distractor device. Both the indications, advantages of the procedure and the use protocol were highlighted.
Case Presentation: The results showed that the bone-borne distractor promoted the correction of maxillary transverse discrepancy with minimal side effects on the maxillary posterior teeth.
Conclusions: The bone-borne maxillary distractor device is a good alternative for correcting the maxillary transverse discrepancy in patients undergoing Le Fort I surgery, especially in cases presenting either periodontal disease or gingival recession of maxillary posterior teeth.
Ib Leth Nielsen
Abstract
Early treatment of Class II, Div. 1 malocclusion is a much debated approach and some evidenced based studies using a single appliance has concluded that this approach was mostly not worthwhile. This article will discuss the pros and cons of early treatment with functional appliances and present guidelines ...
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Early treatment of Class II, Div. 1 malocclusion is a much debated approach and some evidenced based studies using a single appliance has concluded that this approach was mostly not worthwhile. This article will discuss the pros and cons of early treatment with functional appliances and present guidelines for early treatment. The role of facial growth and dentoalveolar development, and growth intensity will be discussed as they relate to treatment outcome.
Mohammad Hashem Hosseini; Ardavan Etemadi; Fatemeh Gorjizadeh
Abstract
Background: Application of zirconia in dentistry has increased due to its good properties. Since zirconia is not possible to be etched, evaluation of the other methods of surface treatment is important.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate zirconia surfaces treated by different output powers ...
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Background: Application of zirconia in dentistry has increased due to its good properties. Since zirconia is not possible to be etched, evaluation of the other methods of surface treatment is important.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate zirconia surfaces treated by different output powers of Er: YAG laser and sandblasting technique by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: 15 specimens were prepared of 3Y-TZP ceramic material. After polishing of all the samples, divided into 5 groups; control group, 1.5 W Er: YAG laser irradiated group, 2.5W Er: YAG laser irradiated group, 3.5 W Er: YAG laser irradiated and sandblasted group. Then SEM image of each group were prepared and analyzed. Results: The SEM images of study groups showed there is no significant difference between control group and laser groups at × 3000, but at the more magnifications (× 15000 and × 60000), with increasing laser power, surface roughness and deformation of crystals increases. SEM of Sandblasted group showed a change in surface texture with the formation of microretentive grooves and deformation of zirconia crystals shape.
Conclusions: By increasing the Er: YAG laser power on zirconia ceramics, the surface roughness increases but not impressive. Application of sandblasting technique on zirconia provides greater surface roughness than Er: YAG laser treatment. 1.5 W (150 mJ) Er: YAG laser radiation has no significant effect on surface morphology of zirconia but 2.5 W (250 mJ) and 3.5 W (350 mJ) outputs, change the surface morphology.
Luis Huanca Ghislanzoni; Roberta Lione; Lorenzo Franchi; Paola Cozza
Abstract
Background: The effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) have been widely studied with classic bidimensional imaging.Objectives: The study aimed to determine immediate post-expansion effect of RME with three-dimensional imaging.Methods: Computed tomography (CT) low dose scan records were taken for ...
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Background: The effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) have been widely studied with classic bidimensional imaging.Objectives: The study aimed to determine immediate post-expansion effect of RME with three-dimensional imaging.Methods: Computed tomography (CT) low dose scan records were taken for three patients before applying RME (T0), and immediately after the end of the active expansion phase (T1). For one patient a CT scan was available also at T2, at time of RME removal. Image analysis was done in 4 steps: segmentation of the face skull, model construction and exportation of .stl surface shells, cranial base superimpositions and colorimetric maps overlay. Results: There were differences in the bone adaptations to RME, but it was possible to identify some common trends in the three patients. All of the three patients showed a pattern of forward movement of the maxilla associated to the suture opening. Patients 1 and 3 demonstrated also a downward movement of the maxilla, which was not visible on patient 2. As a sagittal advancement of almost 6 mm, as visible in patients 1 and 3, was not possible due to growth in only two weeks, all bony changes could be attributed to the RME. For patient 1, the bony changes present at T1, were still present at T2, while the suture was closed.Conclusions: A pattern of forward immediate displacement of the maxilla with respect to the cranial base was consistently noticed in three patients. The vomer bone maintained a connection with one half of the maxilla when the suture opened.