Orthodontics
Sanghamitra Jena; Debipada Kabi; Girish Chaudhary; Anshul Chaudhry
Abstract
Aim: The study aimed at determining the variability of landmark identifications and its reproducibility by manual and digital methods of cephalometric tracing.Methods: Pre-treatment cephalograms of sixty subjects recommended for orthodontic treatment were taken in the natural head position with the teeth ...
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Aim: The study aimed at determining the variability of landmark identifications and its reproducibility by manual and digital methods of cephalometric tracing.Methods: Pre-treatment cephalograms of sixty subjects recommended for orthodontic treatment were taken in the natural head position with the teeth in maximum intercuspation and were traced by a single operator. Statistical analysis was performed, and the mean, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation were calculated for each parameter and imaging modality. For all the variables, the Shapiro-Wilk’s test for normality was conducted to identify the distribution of each variable. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used where distribution was non-normal for at least one of the comparing variables and the repeated sample t-test was used where normal distribution was detected for both the variables.Results: For digital tracing, the coefficients of variation were less than 1, suggesting high reliability. For most manually traced images, the landmarks with high coefficients of variation were Porion, Basion, Sella, Point B, and Gonion. Coefficients of variation were invariably higher for the manual method than the digital method, implying readings were more consistent in the digital method for the above landmarks under observation. Out of the 29 parameters, the mean difference of sixteen of them was calculated to be statistically significant with each other, which shows that the digital method of cephalometric tracing can be relied upon for the reliability.Conclusion: The digital method of landmark identification gives a more consistent reading.
Orthodontics
Vahid Mollabashi; Maryam Heydarpour; Abbas Farmani; Kimia Saadat; Maryam Farhadian
Abstract
Aim: Formation of white spot lesions (WSL) subsequent to orthodontic treatment is a cosmetic concern. This research assessed the effects of bioactive-glass toothpaste on remineralization of orthodontic white spot lesions.Methods: Orthodontic brackets were boned to seventy extracted premolars. Then they ...
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Aim: Formation of white spot lesions (WSL) subsequent to orthodontic treatment is a cosmetic concern. This research assessed the effects of bioactive-glass toothpaste on remineralization of orthodontic white spot lesions.Methods: Orthodontic brackets were boned to seventy extracted premolars. Then they were submersed in a demineralization solution (pH=4.52) at 37°C for 96 hours, which led to the formation of artificial caries lesions on enamel. Occlusal brackets were assigned to the treatment group, whereas gingival brackets were assigned to the control group.Specimens were allocated to one of two groups: group 1) toothpaste containing sodium fluoride (1,450 ppm), group 2) toothpaste containing bioactive glass (5%). The samples underwent a 14-day remineralization/demineralzation cycle consisting of a twice-daily 30-minute submersion in a demineralizing solution (pH=4.52, 37°C) followed by a five-minute toothpaste treatment for the occlusal of the brackets. Each sample was analyzed using a polarized microscope, and AutoCAD 2007 was used to quantify the mineralization depth and area. Using SPSS version 23, the independent and paired t-tests were used to assess data statistically.Results: In terms of both remineralization area and depth, the study's findings revealed a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.001). Area and depth differences between the two remineralization methods in the treatment group were also statistically significant (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Both sodium fluoride and bioactive-glass toothpaste are useful for remineralizing the WSL, while bioactiveglass toothpaste seems to work more effectively than sodium fluoride toothpaste.
Education
Maryam Omidkhoda; Farzin Heravi; Fatemeh Shahrestani; Mohamad Noori
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of Dolphin Imaging version 11.8 software, in predicting soft and hard tissue changes after orthognathic jaw surgery.Methods: In this retrospective study, pre- and postoperative cephalograms and photographs of 20 patients were scanned ...
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Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of Dolphin Imaging version 11.8 software, in predicting soft and hard tissue changes after orthognathic jaw surgery.Methods: In this retrospective study, pre- and postoperative cephalograms and photographs of 20 patients were scanned and inserted into Dolphin Imaging version 11.8 software and traced by the software. Cephalometric superimposition was performed before and after the operation to determine the extent of changes in each jaw. The software then simulated postoperative images according to the calculated changes for each patient.Results: The results of this study showed that the upper lip had the highest accuracy in both sagittal and vertical axes. The highest reliability was in the upper lip with 80% error in the sagittal axis and the tip of the nose with 80% error in the vertical axis. The lowest accuracy in our study was related to soft tissue Menton which had the least reliability with an error frequency of 35% and 45% in the sagittal and vertical axis, respectively.Conclusion: Based on the method used and the findings obtained by digital measurements, it can be concluded that the Dolphin Imaging version 11.8 software can be used to reliably predict hard tissue as well as soft tissue, especially in the upper lip area.
Dental Materials
Seyed Mohammad Mousavi; Sara Mahboubi; Salmeh Kalbassi; Vahid Rakhshan
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this investigation was to assess the efficacy and force decay of elastomeric chains based on their morphology and elongation extent.Methods: Two-hundred-and-seventy elastics from three companies [Ortho Technology (OT), American Orthodontics (AO), G&H, 10 specimens ×27 subgroups] ...
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Aim: The aim of this investigation was to assess the efficacy and force decay of elastomeric chains based on their morphology and elongation extent.Methods: Two-hundred-and-seventy elastics from three companies [Ortho Technology (OT), American Orthodontics (AO), G&H, 10 specimens ×27 subgroups] were elongated to 40%, 60%, and 100% and the initial forces were measured. Then after four weeks of incubation in artificial saliva, the residual forces were measured. Forces and force decays were compared across brands, morphologies, and elongation extents (α=0.001).Results: Forces degraded significantly over time (repeated-measures ANOVA, P<0.001). Significant differences existed among the levels of all parameters, in terms of the initial forces, residual forces, and force degradation (3-way ANOVA, P<0.001). Results of most of the Tukey post hoc tests were significant (P<0.001). The longer the elongation extent, the higher the force waste (partial correlation coefficient, r=0.885, P< 0.001).Conclusion: Initial force was improved when using the OT brand and closed elastics, and by stretching the elastic to 100%. Force loss was minimized when using the G&H brand and open elastics, and by stretching to 40%. Using the OT brand and closed elastics, and 100% stretching caused the highest residual forces after a month. However, the initial forces provided by the 100% elongations were not sound. Force loss was increased by using the OT brand and closed elastics, and with 100% elongations. The lowest residual forces were seen in the AO brand, long elastics, and those elongated to 40%.
Orthodontics
Amirhossein Mirhashemi; Nasim Chiniforush; Rashin Bahrami
Abstract
Aim: Hygiene is a challenge of orthodontic treatment due to its appliances and can lead to periodontal diseases. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a preventive technique for periodontal diseases owing to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study reviews the effect ...
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Aim: Hygiene is a challenge of orthodontic treatment due to its appliances and can lead to periodontal diseases. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a preventive technique for periodontal diseases owing to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study reviews the effect of aPDT on the management of gingivitis induced by orthodontic treatment.Methods: The research was conducted using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane via inputting keywords such as photodynamic therapy, photo-activated chemotherapy, photoactivated disinfection, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, laser-activated disinfection, light-activated disinfection, laser therapy, gingivitis, gingival inflammation, and orthodontic patient. The time frame for searching articles was from January 2010 to July 2022.Results: In terms of anti-inflammatory properties, aPDT technique is associated with reductions in clinical parameters (probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque score, and plaque index) as well as paraclinical parameters (levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF- α, IL-1β, and human beta defensin-2). Also, this technique has caused a decline in the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia, although the effect was short-term (one month).Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that aPDT is an effective and safe method in reducing gingivitis induced by orthodontic treatment via its reduction effect on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, inflammatory reactions, and infective pathogens load.
Biomechanics
Sayyed Muhammad Ali; Javed Sodawala; Shaheen Hamdani; Sumit Gandhi; Harsha Malhotra; Gaurav Agrawal
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare labial and lingual forces of the rate of canine retraction and three dimensional control of the molar and canine using sliding mechanics.Methods: Ten patients with Angle’s class I malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion referred for first premolar ...
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Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare labial and lingual forces of the rate of canine retraction and three dimensional control of the molar and canine using sliding mechanics.Methods: Ten patients with Angle’s class I malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion referred for first premolar extraction enrolled in this split mouth study. Forty canines were placed into four groups according to the arch and type of force: UB (upper canine–labial force), LB (lower canine–labial force), UL (upper canine–lingual force), and LL (lower canine–lingual force). The rate of retraction of the canine, molar and canine rotation, molar and canine angulation, and molar anchorage loss in the sagittal and vertical plane was assessed using study models and orthopantomographs (OPG). The paired and unpaired t tests were used for intra and inter group comparison. The significance level was 0.05.Results: The rate of canine retraction was significantly faster for labial forces than lingual forces using sliding mechanics (P<0.001). However, significantly greater amount of molar rotation was observed using lingual forces (P<0.001). There was no significant difference regarding canine rotation using labial forces (P<0.05). The molar anchorage loss in the sagittal plane was significantly lesser using lingual forces (P<0.001).Conclusion: Canine retraction was faster when labial forces were applied using sliding mechanics whereas 3D-molar control was better when lingual forces were applied, which is advantageous for critical anchorage cases.
Orthodontics
Arash Farzan; Mahsa Delshad; Nima Motamed
Abstract
Aim: Cephalometric analysis is a main part of diagnostics in orthodontics. Modern cephalometric analysis methods include using digital software or mobile applications. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the CephNinjaPro application for linear and angular cephalometric measurements.Methods: ...
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Aim: Cephalometric analysis is a main part of diagnostics in orthodontics. Modern cephalometric analysis methods include using digital software or mobile applications. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the CephNinjaPro application for linear and angular cephalometric measurements.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 30 randomly selected lateral cephalograms were digitized by a digital scanner. The required landmarks for five linear and eight angular measurements were identified on all cephalograms using a fine tip pen by an experienced orthodontist, and then rescanned. To assess the validity of manual versus digital landmark identification using the CephNinjaPro application, the landmarks were identified on scanned cephalograms in both the CephNinjaPro application and Dolphin software. The results were compared before and after landmark identification. The results of the Dolphin software and the CephNinjaPro application were also compared before and after landmark identification. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test and Wilcoxon test.Results: The results showed significant differences in the angles SNA (P<0.001), SNB (P<0.001), inter-incisal (P=0.001), and MP-SN (P<0.001), and the Ga (P<0.001) between the Dolphin software and CephNinjaPro application before landmark identification. Also, significant differences were observed in the Ga (P<0.001) and SN-MP (P<0.001) angle between the Dolphin software and CephNinjaPro application after landmark identification.Conclusion: The CephNinjaPro application has acceptable validity and reliability for most of the linear and angular cephalometric measurements from the clinical perspective. Nonetheless, interpretation of results regarding some measurements should be done with caution.
Victor de Miranda Ladewig; Renata Rodrigues Almeida-Pedrin; Leopoldino Capelozza-Filho; Karla de Souza Vasconcelos Coelho; Aline Ortyz Lyra; Ana Claudia de Castro Ferreira Conti
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate the degree of maturation of the midpalatal suture (MPS) and zygomaticomaxillary suture (ZMS).Methods: The sample consisted of 160 orthodontic patients, aged between 11 and 20 years, 59 men and 101 women, from archives of private clinics. Patients ...
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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate the degree of maturation of the midpalatal suture (MPS) and zygomaticomaxillary suture (ZMS).Methods: The sample consisted of 160 orthodontic patients, aged between 11 and 20 years, 59 men and 101 women, from archives of private clinics. Patients who presented Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images in their initial orthodontic file were selected. CBCT images were exported to the InvivoDental5 program (Anatomage, San Jose, California), where axial MPS sections were used to evaluate the maturation stage, and cross-sectional sections in the coronal plane were used to evaluate the maturation of the ZMS. Spearman's correlation coefficient, McNemar-Bowker symmetry test and kappa agreement test with quadratic weighting were used to assess the correlation between the maturation stages of MPS and ZMS. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to verify the effect of age and gender on the classification. In all statistical tests, a significance level of 5% was adopted.Results: The MPS and ZMS displayed a significant correlation between their maturation stages. ZMS tended to present earlier maturation. Taking into account only the individuals from MPS stage C, an earlier ZMS stage was observed in 4.4% while a more advanced ZMS stage was observed in 24.37%. Among older individuals, this prevalence was 36.36%, thus 69.69% had an unfavorable prognosis for RME, following the proposed method.Conclusion: The correlation between the maturation stages of MPS and ZMS increases the reliability of the RME prognosis through individual morphological evaluation of sutures.
Amirhossein Mirhashemi; Nasim Chiniforush; Rashin Bahrami
Abstract
Aim: Tooth bleaching is known as a non-invasive, cosmetic treatment option. It has been noted that bleaching has a detrimental impact on bond quality of enamel. With increasing adult patients who need multidisciplinary treatments, concurrency of bleaching with other treatments such as composite filling ...
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Aim: Tooth bleaching is known as a non-invasive, cosmetic treatment option. It has been noted that bleaching has a detrimental impact on bond quality of enamel. With increasing adult patients who need multidisciplinary treatments, concurrency of bleaching with other treatments such as composite filling or orthodontic treatment in which bond quality to enamel plays an important role, a dilemma has arisen. This review aimed to evaluate the impact of the laser-assisted bleaching technique on bond quality of enamel to brackets drawn from the available literature.Methods: All original articles that evaluated the effect of laser-assisted bleaching on bond strength of enamel in MEDLINE (NCBI PubMed and PMC), EMBASE, Scopus, Corchane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were assessed until July 2022.Results: Six in-vitro studies were entered into this review. All of them evaluated bond strength of orthodontic brackets to bleached enamel expect one, in which composite resin bond to bleached enamel was examined. Several laser types including Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, CO2, diode, and LED were used in these studies. A few studies indicated that bond strength of bleached enamel is higher after laser-assisted bleaching compared to the conventional bleaching technique, whereas others did not.Conclusion: In cases of immediate bonding to bleached enamel, the laser-assisted bleaching approach is recommended. There is still a need for more studies in this field because of the high diversity of laser types, bleaching agents, and type of adhesives that have been introduced to the market recently.
Girish Chaudhary; Anshul Chaudhry; Armaan Pandher; Priyanka Kapoor; Aman Chowdhry; Sanghamitra Jena
Abstract
Aim: The original Demirjian method for dental age estimation is very lengthy, because it involves a number of charts to estimate the dental age. So, a simplified comprehensive chart (DAEcc) was developed to facilitate dental age estimation by the Demirjian method. The aim of the study was to check the ...
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Aim: The original Demirjian method for dental age estimation is very lengthy, because it involves a number of charts to estimate the dental age. So, a simplified comprehensive chart (DAEcc) was developed to facilitate dental age estimation by the Demirjian method. The aim of the study was to check the applicability and reproducibility of the simplified comprehensive DAEcc chart for dental age estimation by a group of dental interns.Methods: Twenty-eight interns were trained to identify the correct stage of calcification on dental radiographs by tracing seven mandibular permanent teeth (lower central and lateral incisors, canine, first and second premolars, first and second molars in the fourth quadrant) on orthopantomographs of the left side. After assigning the corresponding scores, all the scores were summed up and ease of applicability of the simplified method was assessed for dental age estimation.Results: The correlation coefficient between chronological age and dental age as estimated by the interns was 0.995, which showed an excellent correlation; and the average time taken by the interns for the interpretation was 1-2 minutes, which is much less compared to the original method. The excellent correlation and the little time taken by the interns, demonstrate the ease of applicability of this modified chart.Conclusion: Dental age was correctly estimated by dental interns by applying this simplified chart in a significantly shorter time period.
Arash Farzan; Niki Farrokhi; Kamyar Mansori
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to assess the feedback of patients regarding orthodontic treatment during the coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19).Methods: In this observational study, keywords related to orthodontic treatment along with either “corona” or “COVID” were searched in Twitter ...
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Aim: This study aimed to assess the feedback of patients regarding orthodontic treatment during the coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19).Methods: In this observational study, keywords related to orthodontic treatment along with either “corona” or “COVID” were searched in Twitter during a two-month period from 2 October 2020 to 12 October 2021. The retrieved tweets were categorized into five themes of pain, getting braces, limitations due to COVID-19, seeking information, and delayed treatment based on content, and were then manually categorized into three groups of positive, neutral, and negative tweets. Next, a coding system was designed by the software MAXQDA, and the tweets were coded. Data were analyzed by the analysis feature of MAXQDA.Results: Of a total of 424 tweets retrieved, 95 were excluded. The majority of the tweets were about limitations due to COVID-19 (n=156) and were negative (n=213). Also, the majority of the tweets were posted by female users (67.5%). The most common reason for the negative tweets of patients was delayed treatment (43.9%). Also, poor performance of orthodontic clinics and orthodontists with regard to informing and reassuring the patients about protective measures was another reason for the negative tweets of patients (12.5%).Conclusion: Delayed treatment was the most common cause of patient dissatisfaction followed by poor awareness and reassurance of patients regarding adherence to the preventive measures and hygienic protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Orthodontics
Kalashri K K; Goutham B Reddy; Sunil Muddaiah; Sanju Somaiah; Balakrishnak K Shetty; Namitha Nanu
Abstract
Aim: Orthodontists and patients prefer minimal time for orthodontic treatment. The submucosal injection ofplatelet-rich plasma (PRP) helps to provide tooth movement without surgery or alveolar bone loss. Thepurpose of this research was to assess the rate of space closure using PRP injection with the ...
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Aim: Orthodontists and patients prefer minimal time for orthodontic treatment. The submucosal injection ofplatelet-rich plasma (PRP) helps to provide tooth movement without surgery or alveolar bone loss. Thepurpose of this research was to assess the rate of space closure using PRP injection with the conventionalmethod.Methods: In this preliminary study, 10 patients aged 14-20 years, requiring first premolar extractions in botharches using MBT technique were included. This was a split-mouth study wherein, on one side (experimental),space closure was done using a submucosal injection of 0.7 ml PRP, and the other side (control) was subjectedto conventional space closure using an active tie back with a constant force of 200 gm. Statistical analysis wasperformed using a paired t-test. P-value <0.05 was set for statistical significance.Results: The findings of the research showed no significant difference in the rate of space closure between thecase and control groups in the maxilla (P=0.073); however, there was a significant difference between theexperimental and control groupsin the mandible (P=0.04).Conclusion: Analyzing space closure rate between the control and experimental side showed that PRPinjection did affect the acceleration of space closure in the mandible.
