Orthodontics
Reji Abraham; Tanmi Saha; Mohammadi Begum
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate and compare oxygen saturation levels in different facial patterns (average, horizontal, and vertical) existing in different anterior-posterior planes of space (Angle’s Class I, Class II, and Class III) by comparing the amount of hemoglobin bound to oxygen (SPO2) to the total amount ...
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Aim: To evaluate and compare oxygen saturation levels in different facial patterns (average, horizontal, and vertical) existing in different anterior-posterior planes of space (Angle’s Class I, Class II, and Class III) by comparing the amount of hemoglobin bound to oxygen (SPO2) to the total amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
Methods: A prospective observational study involving a sample size of 180 adults aged 18–30 was categorized into nine different groups based on their skeletal jaw relationships in the anteroposterior plane occurring in different facial types: average, horizontal, and vertical. The study was conducted using a portable pulse oximetry device (Biosys, BPM-200) to assess the level of saturated hemoglobin in the blood (SPO2).
Results: The mean SPO2 measured was found to be in the range of 95–98%. Comparison between groups showed a statistically significant difference in the mean SPO2 (P=0.002). However, post hoc analysis showed group H had statistical significance.
Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the results obtained from the study, it was concluded that in all facial growth patterns, SPO2 levels were in the normal range. However, the class II skeletal base with a vertical skeletal pattern showed the lowest SPO2 levels. The study also supported the fact that blood oxygen saturation levels are not a concern in any type of facial pattern; hence, no orthodontic intervention as such is indicated to improve their SPO2 levels.
Orthodontics
Faheem Mohamed Arif; Goutham Reddy; Sanju Somaiah; Sunil Muddaiah
Abstract
Aim: Dental malocclusion and jaw misalignments are the foremost reasons for airway constriction. To facilitate anterior mandibular repositioning and the concomitant anterior positioning of the tongue can induce the expansion of the pharyngeal airway. The study aimed to compare comprehensive treatment ...
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Aim: Dental malocclusion and jaw misalignments are the foremost reasons for airway constriction. To facilitate anterior mandibular repositioning and the concomitant anterior positioning of the tongue can induce the expansion of the pharyngeal airway. The study aimed to compare comprehensive treatment outcomes of fixed and removable mandibular advancement appliances on the width of the pharyngeal airway space.
Methods: Twenty growing patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion were placed into two groups: Advansync2 and twin block. Patients were advised to use mandibular advancement appliances (MAA) for 9–12 months. Lateral cephalograms and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were evaluated to assess alterations in the pharyngeal airway space and quality of sleep at two intervals. The chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. P-values<0.05 were considered as significant.
Results: Based on the results, only the change in PNS-V measurements indicated a significant difference between appliances. Advansync2 showed more change (0.70±2.45 mm) compared to twin block (-1.80±2.34 mm), indicating a statistically significant difference (p=0.032).
Conclusion: A significant reduction in the ESS score in both groups was observed without any significant differences between them.
Orthodontics
Fahimeh Farzanegan; Farnaz Zia; Lohrasb Dehghani; Milad Zarei
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of growth modification treatments on oral health-related quality of life in adolescents aged 11 to 14 years with Class II malocclusion.
Methods: Eighty people participated in this case-control study. The case group (n=43) included adolescents with a history ...
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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of growth modification treatments on oral health-related quality of life in adolescents aged 11 to 14 years with Class II malocclusion.
Methods: Eighty people participated in this case-control study. The case group (n=43) included adolescents with a history of Class II malocclusion treated with growth modification. The control group consisted of 37 adolescents with Class II malocclusion who were not treated. Both groups were given a translation of the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ), measuring the quality of life in four domains: oral symptoms, functional limitations, psychological health, and social well-being. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software and a significance level of 0.05 was considered.
Results: The oral health-related quality of life of the case group was better than the control group in all areas although this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.204).
Conclusion: The oral health-related quality of life between two groups was not different; however, the difference in mental health components between the two groups was clinically negligible.
Orthodontics
Nausheen Eram; SM Laxmikanth; Raghunandan Chunduri; Sameena Begum; Khadeer Riyaz; Ashita Talwar
Abstract
Aim: Metallic corrosion of orthodontic appliances occurs due to potentially damaging physical and chemical agents. The major corrosion products of stainless steel are iron, chromium, and nickel. When tissues are exposed to certain concentrations of a primary irritant for certain periods, cytotoxic effects ...
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Aim: Metallic corrosion of orthodontic appliances occurs due to potentially damaging physical and chemical agents. The major corrosion products of stainless steel are iron, chromium, and nickel. When tissues are exposed to certain concentrations of a primary irritant for certain periods, cytotoxic effects may be observed. Hence, this study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity of nickel, iron, and chromium ions during fixed orthodontic treatment onto human keratinocytes (HaCaT).Methods: The metal ions nickel, chromium, and iron in concentrations of 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 μg/ml were prepared to assess the cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells. The control group included these metal ions at 0 μg/ml. Cytotoxicity was assessed by microculture tetrazolium (MTA) assay. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was measured and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to assess the morphological changes of the HaCaT cells. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Bonferroni’s post hoc test was carried out to determine the difference in percentage inhibition within and between the groups at various concentrations.Results: Nickel showed the highest cytotoxic effects in comparison with other metal ions. Iron hexahydrate, nickel hexahydrate, and chromium hexahydrate have shown an IC50 value of 552.4 μg/ml, 364.1 μg/ml, and 641.1 μg/ml inhibition in HaCaT cells respectively. Cytotoxic effects were dose dependent on the tested materials. Comparison of percentage inhibition between groups showed a p-value of 0.372.Conclusion: The present study showed that the nickel, chromium, and iron ions induced a wide range of toxicity to human keratinocytes. The IC50 values ranged between 364.1 and 641.1. Nickel was the most toxic metal tested between the concentrations of 75 to 2400 μg/ml for HaCaT cells compared to other metal ions used in the study.
Orthodontics
Almamoon Khan; Nazir Ahmad; Arsalan Hamid Khan; Aasim Mahmood
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the maxillary transverse dimensions in individuals with palatal impacted maxillary canines relative to the control group without dental impactions using cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT). Methods: Sixty CBCT images of the individuals were ...
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Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the maxillary transverse dimensions in individuals with palatal impacted maxillary canines relative to the control group without dental impactions using cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT). Methods: Sixty CBCT images of the individuals were classified into two groups: 29 in the palatal impacted canine group and 31 in the control group. To determine the maxillary width at four levels, CBCT DICOM files were processed using the software OnDemand 3D to analyze maxillary transverse parameters. Basal width at molar (BWM), alveolar width at first molar (AWM), basal width at premolar (BWPM), and alveolar width at premolar (AWPM) were the four levels at which the maxillary transverse dimensions were measured. The independent T- test was utilized when comparing the impacted canine group and the control group. The level of statistical significance was set at a P-value less than 0.05 for all tests.Results: Regarding the transverse maxillary measurement, there was no significant difference between the impacted canine group and the control group for the BWM, BWPM, and AWPM (P≥0.05). For the AWM, statistically significant differences were not found between the maxillary palatal impacted canine group and the control group (P=0.05).Conclusion: No significant differences were observed between the impacted canine group and the control group in terms of maxillary transverse dimensions. Further research is needed to explore the relationship between maxillary canine impaction and maxillary transverse dimensions.
Orthodontics
Kazem Dalaie; Shabnam Dadkhah; Mohammad Behnaz; Yaser Safi; Soodeh Tahmasbi; Yasamin Vazirizadeh
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to assess the relationship of upper pharyngeal airway volume with tongue position in different sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Methods: CBCT images of 225 participants (149 females, 76 males) over 18 years of age were evaluated ...
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Aim: This study aimed to assess the relationship of upper pharyngeal airway volume with tongue position in different sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Methods: CBCT images of 225 participants (149 females, 76 males) over 18 years of age were evaluated in three groups with sagittal Class I, II, and III skeletal patterns. Class I and II individuals were subdivided into three vertical subgroups high angle, normal, and low angle. The CBCT scans were evaluated three-dimensionally, and the volume of the lower nasopharynx (LNP), oropharynx (ORP), and velopharynx (VLP) was calculated in addition to the total upper pharyngeal airway volume (TV). The tongue position (according to Graber’s analysis and D1-D5 and D1’-D5’ lines) was determined, and the tongue height (TGH) was measured. Data were analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test, and Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation tests (a=0.05).Results: The volume of the LNP was significantly larger in Class II than in Class III patients (P<0.05). VLP volume (r>0.5, P<0.05) and TV (r>0.5, P<0.05) in Class I high angle participants had a significant correlation with D1.Conclusion: The present results showed greater LNP volume in Class II than in Class III individuals. In some variables (VLP, ORP, TV, intraoral airway volume) no significant difference was observed between different sagittal and vertical groups. Most of the airway variables (TV, VLP, ORP) had no correlations with some tongue variables (TGH, D1, D3, D4, D4’, D5, intraoral airway volume) in different skeletal patterns.
Orthodontics
Jigarsinh D. Solanki; Ajay K. Kubavat; Khyati V. Patel; Susmita Choudhary; Sanjeev Jakati; Alpesh Vaghela
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this questionnaire study was to determine what criteria lead potential orthodontic patients to choose a direct-to-consumer aligner company, orthodontist, or general dentist in north Gujarat, India.Methods: A total of 100 potential orthodontic patients from the general population in ...
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Aim: The purpose of this questionnaire study was to determine what criteria lead potential orthodontic patients to choose a direct-to-consumer aligner company, orthodontist, or general dentist in north Gujarat, India.Methods: A total of 100 potential orthodontic patients from the general population in north Gujarat participated in the study. Google Forms was used to send the questionnaire, and the data was recorded. Participants’ views on the type of provider they would prefer for their orthodontic treatment were tabulated. Data was entered in the software SPSS (v. 20.0) and statistical analysis was performed (p<0.05).Results: A total of 58 females and 42 males from the general population (100 potential orthodontic patients) in north Gujarat responded to the questionnaire. The participants (45%) held the opinion that a direct-to-consumer aligner company could offer better cost of treatment, 62% of participants preferred an orthodontist for better quality of treatment, 56% of participants preferred a direct-to-consumer aligner company because they felt that it would be more convenient, and 49% of participants preferred an orthodontist because they felt they would offer better follow-up after orthodontic treatment.Conclusion: Participants tended to prefer orthodontists because they felt they would receive better quality of treatment and follow-up, and more treatment options such as aesthetic treatment. However, they preferred direct-to-consumer aligner companies because of their convenience, lower cost, shorter treatment duration, and better customer service. For their child's orthodontic care, parents typically choose an orthodontist.
Orthodontics
Farzaneh Lal Alizadeh; Lohrasb Dehghani; Milad Zarei
Abstract
Aim: BDD is a psychiatric diagnosis in the spectrum of obsessive compulsive disorder wherein the patient has a damaging mental preoccupation with a slight deficiency in his physical appearance. Awareness of this disease and its symptoms is essential for proper diagnosis and management of the patient.Methods: ...
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Aim: BDD is a psychiatric diagnosis in the spectrum of obsessive compulsive disorder wherein the patient has a damaging mental preoccupation with a slight deficiency in his physical appearance. Awareness of this disease and its symptoms is essential for proper diagnosis and management of the patient.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 86 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery. A demographic information questionnaire, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for the BDD questionnaire, BDI-II questionnaire (Depression Scale) and Beck Anxiety Scale questionnaire were completed by patients to assess BDD disorder, depression, and anxiety. Data were described using appropriate statistical tables and graphs to express indicators and frequency distribution. Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Fisher tests were used to analyze the data.Results: This study was performed on 86 patients with a mean age of 23.19±4.5 years. The percentage of BDD in women (20%) was higher than in men (14%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.685). The prevalence of depression was significantly higher (p<0.001) in patients with BDD (53%) than in those without this disorder (11%). The prevalence of anxiety was significantly higher (p<0.001) in patients with BDD (67%) than in those without this disorder (23%). With increasing age, the BDD scores decrease slightly, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.113).Conclusion: The prevalence of BDD in the study population was 17.4%. The high prevalence of the disorder in orthognathic surgery patients compared to the general population requires the serious attention of dentists to this disorder.
Orthodontics
Matilda Mtaya-Mlangwa; Gustav Rwekaza
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the association between malocclusion, self-perception, self-esteem, and socio-demographic factors among primary schoolchildren in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study that involved children aged 10-12 years from primary ...
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Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the association between malocclusion, self-perception, self-esteem, and socio-demographic factors among primary schoolchildren in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study that involved children aged 10-12 years from primary schools in Dar es Salaam. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about the participants’ socio-demographics, self-perception and self-esteem. Clinical examination was done to determine their occlusal statuses. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0), and Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to assess statistically significant differences between variables. P<0.05 was considered as significant.Results: A total of 620 schoolchildren participated in this study. The overall prevalence of malocclusion was 66.5%. Undesirable self-perception was reported in 34.0% and self-esteem issues in 30.0% of the schoolchildren. Significantly, many participants with less educated fathers had malocclusion compared with their counterparts (p=0.002). Furthermore, most children with malocclusion perceived themselves negatively and reported lower self-esteem compared with those who had no malocclusion (78.7% vs. 21.3%, p=0.000 and 75.8% vs. 24.2%, p=0.001, respectively). In the logistic regression model, the presence of malocclusion remained as a significant determinant of schoolchildren perceiving themselves negatively and reporting lower self-esteem (OR: 2.4, CI: 1.62-3.54, p= 0.000 and OR: 1.82, CI: 1.23-2.7, p= 0.003, respectively).Conclusion: Conclusion: The presence of malocclusion was associated with children's negative self-perception and lower self-esteem. Malocclusion prevention and early interventions in children are highly recommended.
Orthodontics
S.Kutalmış Buyuk; Feridun Abay; Omer Ufkun Yıldırım; Ozgur Enginyurt
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the level of awareness and knowledge of family physicians regarding oral and maxillofacial evaluations and orthodontic treatment.Methods: The survey was designed as 21 questions and sent to family physicians in Turkiye. The participants were asked about their ...
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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the level of awareness and knowledge of family physicians regarding oral and maxillofacial evaluations and orthodontic treatment.Methods: The survey was designed as 21 questions and sent to family physicians in Turkiye. The participants were asked about their age, gender, place of work, years of experience, regions evaluated during the routine examination, and level of orthodontic awareness and knowledge.Results: A total of 400 family physicians completed the survey. There was a significant difference in the referral rate of family physicians working in university hospitals (p<0.01), years of experience (p<0.001), whether evaluating the head and neck region (p<0.05), and the jaw positions during a routine examination (p<0.001) and for those who performed an intraoral examination and who checked dental crowding (p<0.001). When evaluating the head and neck region and dental crowding in routine examinations, a significant difference was found in the number of experienced family physicians (p<0.05).Conclusion: Awareness of the facial profile and having orthodontic knowledge was relatively high in the family physicians who participated in our study; however, their number of oral and maxillofacial evaluations were found to be low in routine examinations. It would be beneficial to organize seminars, conferences, and symposiums to increase the awareness and knowledge of family physicians on the oral and maxillofacial region and how to conduct efficient orthodontic evaluations.
Orthodontics
Harshikkumar Arvindbhai Parekh; Rahul Anil Trivedi; Falguni Mehta; Renuka Patel; Nipa Prajapati; Shekhar Asarsa
Abstract
Background: Traditional orthognathic surgery typically requires prolonged and extensive orthodontic treatment prior to surgery, followed by a shorter postoperative orthodontic phase. The pre-surgical orthodontic period is lengthy and can lead to a decline in facial aesthetics due to decompensation. Consequently, ...
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Background: Traditional orthognathic surgery typically requires prolonged and extensive orthodontic treatment prior to surgery, followed by a shorter postoperative orthodontic phase. The pre-surgical orthodontic period is lengthy and can lead to a decline in facial aesthetics due to decompensation. Consequently, patients’ mental health could decline and they could lose confidence as a result of these changes. To address the issue of deteriorating facial soft tissues during early decompensation and to reduce the risk of unstable postoperative occlusion, the surgery-first approach (SFA) or minimal pre-surgical orthodontics (MPO) has been introduced. MPO is designed to minimize occlusal interference and enhance arch coordination for surgery, thereby increasing the predictability of surgical outcomes.Case Description: An 18-year-old male patient with skeletal class III malocclusion and an anterior open bite was treated using MPO. A modified trans-palatal arch (TPA) was applied before surgery to rectify a projected post-surgical buccal scissor-bite involving the maxillary second molar. After achieving this correction, the patient underwent bi-jaw surgery.Conclusion: This approach, in contrast to the conventional method, involved brief orthodontic tooth movement without negatively impacting the patient's profile or decompensation. The patient was highly satisfied and delighted with the outcome.
Orthodontics
Pedram Javidi; Leila Simaei; Nazanin Rahbar
Abstract
Aim: Space closure after extraction of teeth is one of the most challenging steps in orthodontic treatments. Nickel-titanium close coil springs are used as a superior appliance in the said field for space closure, but high expenses associated with them have pushed dentists toward using elastomeric chains. ...
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Aim: Space closure after extraction of teeth is one of the most challenging steps in orthodontic treatments. Nickel-titanium close coil springs are used as a superior appliance in the said field for space closure, but high expenses associated with them have pushed dentists toward using elastomeric chains. This study was planned to compare nickel-titanium to one of the newest reinforced types of elastomeric chains – Super Slick.Methods: This research was planned as a prospective analytical study with a split-mouth design, and was performed on 11 randomly selected participants referring to the specialty clinic of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. After leveling and alignment, patients were referred for simultaneous extraction of first premolars. For closing the space after extraction, randomly, the nickel-titanium close coil spring was assigned to one quadrant and the Super Slick elastomeric chain to the other. Patients were followed-up every month for three months, and in every session using a digital caliper the rate of space closure resulting from extraction of first premolars was measured from the distogingival wing of the canine bracket to the mesiogingival wing of the second premolar bracket. The monthly rate of space closure was calculated in millimeters, and the results regarding Super Slick Chains and nickel-titanium springs were compared and statistically analyzed using the t-test and nonparametric tests.Results: Based on the results of the t-test, the rate of the premolars extraction space closure in the first month, second month, and third month showed no significant differences between Super Slick elastomeric chains (1.82±0.27) and nickel-titanium close coil springs (1.90±0.4). Also, based on the said test, the general speed of space closure during the three months was not meaningfully different (p=0.489).Conclusion: Considering that there was not a significant difference in the rate of space closure between elastomeric chains and nickel-titanium close coil springs during the three months of the study, it can be concluded that with time, the strength of the reinforced elastic chains for retraction of canine teeth is similar to that of the nickel-titanium springs. A look at the results shows that the claims of the manufacturers of reinforced elastic chains regarding force conservation are not very far from reality.
Orthodontics
Atefe Saffar shahroudi; Farahnaz Fazeli; Behrad Tanbakuchi
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to assess the frequency of using clear aligners by orthodontists and their perspective in this respect.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study evaluated 86 orthodontists practicing in Iran in 2021. An online questionnaire was designed by an expert panel to collect information ...
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Aim: This study aimed to assess the frequency of using clear aligners by orthodontists and their perspective in this respect.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study evaluated 86 orthodontists practicing in Iran in 2021. An online questionnaire was designed by an expert panel to collect information regarding the frequency of use of clear aligners (CA) by orthodontists, their satisfaction rate with this treatment approach, their perception of CA's advantages and disadvantages and the challenges they encountered while using CA. The results were analyzed by descriptive analysis methods and regression analysis.Results: Eighty-six orthodontists filled out the questionnaire. Less than one-third of participants reported using CA, and the majority of them reported using it for less than 10% of their patients. Of those not using CA, 75% were interested in using them. The mean satisfaction score with CA was 9.26 out of 20. The main reason for not using CA was difficult access to reputable companies and suboptimal quality of work of the available laboratories. The majority of orthodontists stated that CA could not be used for cases with impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery patients, and syndromic, cleft lip and palate patients. The main shortcoming of CA was perceived to be in the space closure phase, and their cost was 50-100% higher than regular orthodontic treatment. Older orthodontists were less interested in using CA while faculty members were more interested.Conclusion: The frequency of use of clear aligners by Iranian orthodontists is low and their satisfaction rate with this approach is <50%.
Orthodontics
Sanghamitra Jena; Debipada Kabi; Girish Chaudhary; Anshul Chaudhry
Abstract
Aim: The study aimed at determining the variability of landmark identifications and its reproducibility by manual and digital methods of cephalometric tracing.Methods: Pre-treatment cephalograms of sixty subjects recommended for orthodontic treatment were taken in the natural head position with the teeth ...
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Aim: The study aimed at determining the variability of landmark identifications and its reproducibility by manual and digital methods of cephalometric tracing.Methods: Pre-treatment cephalograms of sixty subjects recommended for orthodontic treatment were taken in the natural head position with the teeth in maximum intercuspation and were traced by a single operator. Statistical analysis was performed, and the mean, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation were calculated for each parameter and imaging modality. For all the variables, the Shapiro-Wilk’s test for normality was conducted to identify the distribution of each variable. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used where distribution was non-normal for at least one of the comparing variables and the repeated sample t-test was used where normal distribution was detected for both the variables.Results: For digital tracing, the coefficients of variation were less than 1, suggesting high reliability. For most manually traced images, the landmarks with high coefficients of variation were Porion, Basion, Sella, Point B, and Gonion. Coefficients of variation were invariably higher for the manual method than the digital method, implying readings were more consistent in the digital method for the above landmarks under observation. Out of the 29 parameters, the mean difference of sixteen of them was calculated to be statistically significant with each other, which shows that the digital method of cephalometric tracing can be relied upon for the reliability.Conclusion: The digital method of landmark identification gives a more consistent reading.
Orthodontics
Vahid Mollabashi; Maryam Heydarpour; Abbas Farmani; Kimia Saadat; Maryam Farhadian
Abstract
Aim: Formation of white spot lesions (WSL) subsequent to orthodontic treatment is a cosmetic concern. This research assessed the effects of bioactive-glass toothpaste on remineralization of orthodontic white spot lesions.Methods: Orthodontic brackets were boned to seventy extracted premolars. Then they ...
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Aim: Formation of white spot lesions (WSL) subsequent to orthodontic treatment is a cosmetic concern. This research assessed the effects of bioactive-glass toothpaste on remineralization of orthodontic white spot lesions.Methods: Orthodontic brackets were boned to seventy extracted premolars. Then they were submersed in a demineralization solution (pH=4.52) at 37°C for 96 hours, which led to the formation of artificial caries lesions on enamel. Occlusal brackets were assigned to the treatment group, whereas gingival brackets were assigned to the control group.Specimens were allocated to one of two groups: group 1) toothpaste containing sodium fluoride (1,450 ppm), group 2) toothpaste containing bioactive glass (5%). The samples underwent a 14-day remineralization/demineralzation cycle consisting of a twice-daily 30-minute submersion in a demineralizing solution (pH=4.52, 37°C) followed by a five-minute toothpaste treatment for the occlusal of the brackets. Each sample was analyzed using a polarized microscope, and AutoCAD 2007 was used to quantify the mineralization depth and area. Using SPSS version 23, the independent and paired t-tests were used to assess data statistically.Results: In terms of both remineralization area and depth, the study's findings revealed a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.001). Area and depth differences between the two remineralization methods in the treatment group were also statistically significant (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Both sodium fluoride and bioactive-glass toothpaste are useful for remineralizing the WSL, while bioactiveglass toothpaste seems to work more effectively than sodium fluoride toothpaste.
Orthodontics
Amirhossein Mirhashemi; Nasim Chiniforush; Rashin Bahrami
Abstract
Aim: Hygiene is a challenge of orthodontic treatment due to its appliances and can lead to periodontal diseases. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a preventive technique for periodontal diseases owing to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study reviews the effect ...
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Aim: Hygiene is a challenge of orthodontic treatment due to its appliances and can lead to periodontal diseases. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a preventive technique for periodontal diseases owing to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study reviews the effect of aPDT on the management of gingivitis induced by orthodontic treatment.Methods: The research was conducted using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane via inputting keywords such as photodynamic therapy, photo-activated chemotherapy, photoactivated disinfection, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, laser-activated disinfection, light-activated disinfection, laser therapy, gingivitis, gingival inflammation, and orthodontic patient. The time frame for searching articles was from January 2010 to July 2022.Results: In terms of anti-inflammatory properties, aPDT technique is associated with reductions in clinical parameters (probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque score, and plaque index) as well as paraclinical parameters (levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF- α, IL-1β, and human beta defensin-2). Also, this technique has caused a decline in the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia, although the effect was short-term (one month).Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that aPDT is an effective and safe method in reducing gingivitis induced by orthodontic treatment via its reduction effect on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, inflammatory reactions, and infective pathogens load.
Orthodontics
Arash Farzan; Mahsa Delshad; Nima Motamed
Abstract
Aim: Cephalometric analysis is a main part of diagnostics in orthodontics. Modern cephalometric analysis methods include using digital software or mobile applications. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the CephNinjaPro application for linear and angular cephalometric measurements.Methods: ...
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Aim: Cephalometric analysis is a main part of diagnostics in orthodontics. Modern cephalometric analysis methods include using digital software or mobile applications. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the CephNinjaPro application for linear and angular cephalometric measurements.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 30 randomly selected lateral cephalograms were digitized by a digital scanner. The required landmarks for five linear and eight angular measurements were identified on all cephalograms using a fine tip pen by an experienced orthodontist, and then rescanned. To assess the validity of manual versus digital landmark identification using the CephNinjaPro application, the landmarks were identified on scanned cephalograms in both the CephNinjaPro application and Dolphin software. The results were compared before and after landmark identification. The results of the Dolphin software and the CephNinjaPro application were also compared before and after landmark identification. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test and Wilcoxon test.Results: The results showed significant differences in the angles SNA (P<0.001), SNB (P<0.001), inter-incisal (P=0.001), and MP-SN (P<0.001), and the Ga (P<0.001) between the Dolphin software and CephNinjaPro application before landmark identification. Also, significant differences were observed in the Ga (P<0.001) and SN-MP (P<0.001) angle between the Dolphin software and CephNinjaPro application after landmark identification.Conclusion: The CephNinjaPro application has acceptable validity and reliability for most of the linear and angular cephalometric measurements from the clinical perspective. Nonetheless, interpretation of results regarding some measurements should be done with caution.
Orthodontics
Kalashri K K; Goutham B Reddy; Sunil Muddaiah; Sanju Somaiah; Balakrishnak K Shetty; Namitha Nanu
Abstract
Aim: Orthodontists and patients prefer minimal time for orthodontic treatment. The submucosal injection ofplatelet-rich plasma (PRP) helps to provide tooth movement without surgery or alveolar bone loss. Thepurpose of this research was to assess the rate of space closure using PRP injection with the ...
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Aim: Orthodontists and patients prefer minimal time for orthodontic treatment. The submucosal injection ofplatelet-rich plasma (PRP) helps to provide tooth movement without surgery or alveolar bone loss. Thepurpose of this research was to assess the rate of space closure using PRP injection with the conventionalmethod.Methods: In this preliminary study, 10 patients aged 14-20 years, requiring first premolar extractions in botharches using MBT technique were included. This was a split-mouth study wherein, on one side (experimental),space closure was done using a submucosal injection of 0.7 ml PRP, and the other side (control) was subjectedto conventional space closure using an active tie back with a constant force of 200 gm. Statistical analysis wasperformed using a paired t-test. P-value <0.05 was set for statistical significance.Results: The findings of the research showed no significant difference in the rate of space closure between thecase and control groups in the maxilla (P=0.073); however, there was a significant difference between theexperimental and control groupsin the mandible (P=0.04).Conclusion: Analyzing space closure rate between the control and experimental side showed that PRPinjection did affect the acceleration of space closure in the mandible.
Orthodontics
Pasupureddi Keerthana; Meghna Mukhopadhyay; Shubhnita Verma; Prasad Chitra
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze and synthesize data from animal research on the impact of hormones and their synthetic derivatives on orthodontic tooth movement by altering calcium metabolism.Methods: Eight databases were scanned electronically, followed by a manual search, until 27 February ...
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Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze and synthesize data from animal research on the impact of hormones and their synthetic derivatives on orthodontic tooth movement by altering calcium metabolism.Methods: Eight databases were scanned electronically, followed by a manual search, until 27 February 2022. Animal experiments were chosen with control groups exploring the impact on orthodontic tooth movement with calcitonin, calcium, parathyroid hormone, teriparatide, and vitamin D. The reporting quality of primary studies was assessed using the CAMARADES tool. Data was collected from related studies and SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool was utilized to determine risk of bias.Results: Of the 2388 documents obtained in the search, 11 studies were included. The amount of orthodontic tooth movement reduced with the administration of calcitonin and calcium. However, with parathyroid hormone, teriparatide, and vitamin D, acceleration of tooth movement was noted. The results were statistically significant omitting three studies that assessed orthodontic tooth movement with calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone. Root resorption increased with calcium, vitamin D, PGE2, and a dose-dependent decrease was seen in higher doses of calcitonin. Bone mineral density improved with increased parathyroid hormone levels.Conclusion: Vitamin D, their synthetic derivatives, and parathyroid hormone were found to increase orthodontic tooth movement. Calcitonin showed a dose dependent reduction in orthodontic tooth movement.
Orthodontics
Somasundara Ramadevi; Anjith Shirley Gladstone; Sarala Manjappa Laxmikanth; Chunduri Raghunandan; Jairaj Vani; Shrikanth Shendre; Khan Mahamad Irfanulla; Maqbool Sameena Begum; Riyaz Khadeer
Abstract
Aim: The use of pre-procedural mouth rinse for prevention of COVID-19 can reduce viral load but can alter the bond strength. The purpose of this study was to determine any correlation between the use of these pre-procedural mouth rinse and the shear-bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets.Methods: ...
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Aim: The use of pre-procedural mouth rinse for prevention of COVID-19 can reduce viral load but can alter the bond strength. The purpose of this study was to determine any correlation between the use of these pre-procedural mouth rinse and the shear-bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets.Methods: Thirty-three maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were used. The buccal surfaces of all teeth were bonded with orthodontic brackets. Later, each tooth was embedded into acrylic resin and stored in distilled water. Teeth were randomly divided into three groups (group I: hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse, group II: povidone-iodine mouth rinse, and group III: artificial saliva), and stored in each solution for 12 hours. Later, each tooth was subjected to SBS testing using a universal testing machine. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test (Tukey’s HSD) with a significance of p< 0.05.Results: The highest mean SBS was observed in the artificial saliva (control group), followed by the povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide groups.Conclusion: Hydrogen peroxide mouth rinses should not be used during fixed orthodontic treatment because it alters bond strength.
Orthodontics
Mahdjoube Goldani Moghadam; Hanieh Kazemi; Mohadese Bani Asadi
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of different combinations of retainer wires and enamel preparation methods.Methods: A total of 180 extracted mandibular bovine incisors were randomly divided into nine groups of 20 paired teeth each. Three techniques were employed to prepare ...
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Aim: This study aims to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of different combinations of retainer wires and enamel preparation methods.Methods: A total of 180 extracted mandibular bovine incisors were randomly divided into nine groups of 20 paired teeth each. Three techniques were employed to prepare the enamel: acid etches only, Er:YAG laser before acid etch, and sandblast before acid etch. The retainer wires, including Bond-A-Braid, GAC Wildcat Twistflex Wire, and TruForce coaxial wire, were bonded with the adhesive Transbond LR and SBS values were measured. The two-way ANOVA test was used to evaluate the effect of the conditioning method in combination with the retainer wire type and the interaction of two variables. Pairwise comparisons were done using the Tukey post hoc test. A value of P≤0.05 was considered to be significant for all statistical tests.Results: The highest shear bond strength value was found for sandblasted surface bonded with Bond-A-Braid wire. The combination of acid-etched enamel/GAC Wildcat Twistflex wire revealed the lowest value of the SBS. Statistically significant differences did not exist for the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores among the study groups.Conclusion: Sandblasting and laser irradiation before the acid etching significantly increased the SBS. Differences in the SBS values of different wires were insignificant.
Orthodontics
Hiral Thakkar; Brijesh Prajapati; Anar G Andani; Arth Patel; Bhavya Trivedi; Sonali Mahadevia
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this in-vivo study is to determine and compare the accuracy of dental measurements calculated on physical and digital models with the measurements taken directly from the patients’ mouth.Methods: This study was performed on 40 subjects. Forty maxillary impressions were produced ...
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Aim: The purpose of this in-vivo study is to determine and compare the accuracy of dental measurements calculated on physical and digital models with the measurements taken directly from the patients’ mouth.Methods: This study was performed on 40 subjects. Forty maxillary impressions were produced using a condensation silicone putty material and constructed into a physical model. A digital vernier caliper was utilized to take direct measurements from the patients’ mouth as well as from the physical models. CS 3600® was employed for direct intra-oral scanning for the subjects’ dentition and generating the digital model. Three-dimensional reverse engineering software was used to make measurements on the digital model. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine the accuracy between the control group, physical models, and virtual group. Tukey’s post-hoc analysis was done to compare between the individual group.Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the physical (p-value=0.254) and virtual models (p-value = 0.168) as compared to those measurements taken directly from the mouth.Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrate that intraoral scans are clinically sound to be used in diagnosis and treatment planning in dentistry and provide a professional and well-grounded substitute to the use of conventional plaster models.
Orthodontics
Mahesh Jain; Dolly Patel
Abstract
Aim: With the increased use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, validation of using radiographic images obtained from CBCT instead of multiple conventional radiographs is needed. Hence, the present study was designed to assess the differences ...
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Aim: With the increased use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, validation of using radiographic images obtained from CBCT instead of multiple conventional radiographs is needed. Hence, the present study was designed to assess the differences between cephalometric measurements taken from manual tracings (MT), digitized lateral cephalograms (DLC) and CBCT lateral cephalograms scansMethods: Conventional lateral cephalograms and CBCT scans from ten subjects from departmental archives were used to assess the three methods: manual tracings, digitized lateral cephalograms, and CBCT lateral cephalograms. Seventeen measurements were evaluated and retraced after a 7-day period. The intra examiner errors was assessed using the paired t test and Dahlberg formula. The Pearson correlation test and ANOVA test evaluated the differences between the methods.Results: Most of the measurements had intra-examiner reliability in all three methods. Measurements were significant among methods were Y-axis, U1-Apog (degree and mm), U1-NA, L1-NB (degree and mm), L1-Apog, and interincisal angle.Conclusion: All three methods proved to be reliable and reproducible with minimum error in the measurement of lateral cephalograms. The CBCT scan, advised for complex cases, can be used to generate lateral cephalogram images, which may reduce the need for multiple radiographs, thereby reducing radiation exposure and cost.
Orthodontics
Pranshu Mathur; Shally Mahajan; Aftab Azam; Ashish Chauhan; Ragni Tandon
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to compare tooth movement using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and the conventional method in patients with moderate crowding during the leveling and aligning phase.Methods: Fifty patients with moderate crowding in the maxillary arch were chosen. Split-mouth design was ...
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Aim: The objective of this study was to compare tooth movement using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and the conventional method in patients with moderate crowding during the leveling and aligning phase.Methods: Fifty patients with moderate crowding in the maxillary arch were chosen. Split-mouth design was planned with one quadrant allotted as the experimental group (PRP side) and the other as the control group. Five injection sites were pre-defined: distal surface of the root of the central incisor, mesial and distal root surfaces of the lateral incisor and canine. After the extraction of the permanent maxillary first premolars, PRP was injected at various sites on the experimental side while the other side served as the control group. In each group, four times were studied: 0(T0), 21(T1), 42(T2), and 63(T3) days after injection. Tooth movement was measured using a digital vernier caliper and statistical analysis was done using paired t-test.Results: Significant amount of tooth movement was seen at 21 days (p<0.001). No significant difference in tooth movement was found at 42 days (p=0.265) and 63 days (p=0.104) after injection.Conclusion: Platelet-Rich Plasma is responsible for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement in patients with moderate crowding when injected during the leveling and aligning phase for the first 21 days after injection although it was non-effective after 42 and 63 days.
Orthodontics
Nirali Mehulbhai Shah; Khyati Viral Patel; Ajay Kubavat; Manish Desai; Harshit Arvindbhai Patel; Nikunj Harikrushn Prajapati
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the in vitro study was to examine the enamel surface after the application of four different methods for adhesive removal following the bracket debonding procedure, as well as to compare their effects on enamel surface.Methods: Premolars (n=60) were randomly assigned to four groups. After ...
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Aim: The aim of the in vitro study was to examine the enamel surface after the application of four different methods for adhesive removal following the bracket debonding procedure, as well as to compare their effects on enamel surface.Methods: Premolars (n=60) were randomly assigned to four groups. After initial debonding and recording the shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were assessed. The removal method for each of the four groups was the use of 1) a round bur, 2) rubber wheel bur, 3)12 fluted tungsten carbide bur, and 4) scaler. After that, teeth in all four groups were kept in artificial saliva for one month. After rebonding with a new bracket, again the SBS and ARI scores were measured. Two representative samples from each group were examined under a scanning electron microscope. ……. P-value <0.05 was considered as significant. ANOVA test was used to assess the SBS association within the group. Paired T test was used to assess the SBS between the group. fisher’s exact test was performed to compare ARI index before and after.Results: There was significant decrease in secondary SBS value in group 1 but significant increase in secondary SBS value in group 3, and a slight decrease in SBS value in group 4. In SEM images, there were composite remnants in all the four groups with fewer remnants in group 2. Enamel surface damage was observed in the SEM image of group 3. ARI scores showed no significant difference.Conclusion: Adhesive remnant removal efficiency of the round bur and scaler are less. Rubber wheel bur is a good choice of instrument for removal of adhesive remnants from tooth surface as it does not affect the bond strength. Tungsten carbide bur shows good results, as secondary bonding SBS value increased. Significant difference between ARI scores did not exist, indicating a higher number of mixed type failure in all groups.